In the transitive linking C++ Starlark API we were relying on the default name
created by Bazel based on the operating system and the type of artifact being
created. This among other things added a lib- prefix to shared objects.

This does not work for creating shared objects that should be imported by
Python since Python looks for a file that matches the module name plus the
shared object extension without the lib prefix.

Moreover, this allows us to remove the currently guarded
`link_artifact_name_suffix` parameter from the API since `main_output` can be
used for the same purpose.

RELNOTES:none
PiperOrigin-RevId: 408879871